According to The New York Times, Americans use approximately 110 pounds of single-use plastic annually, and the Center for Biological Diversity adds that this equates to roughly 365 plastic bags per person each year. As consumers, we interact with plastic daily, from food packaging and beverage bottles to household items and electronics. But how much do we really know about the types of plastics we use and their impact on our planet? This guide will break down the many types of plastics and their properties, uses, and environmental effects.
What are Plastics?
From the Greek word “plastikos”, meaning “able to be shaped or molded”, plastic is a synthetic material that is versatile and malleable. Its ability to be molded into many forms when heated has made it a staple in modern life. From its beginnings in the mid-19th century to its widespread use today, plastic has become one of the most used materials in the world, shaping industries and product design.
Properties of Plastics
The properties of plastics are as varied as their uses, encompassing almost every aspect of our modern life. The types of properties depend on the molecular structure of the plastic material, which is defined by its hardness, thermal resistance, and density.
Each type of plastic has unique characteristics, from high-density polyethylene to low-density polyethylene. This section will break down the properties of plastics and what makes them so versatile and used in so many industries.
Amorphous and Crystalline Plastics
Amorphous and crystalline plastics are distinguished by their molecular structure, affecting their physical properties and uses. Amorphous plastics like polystyrene and polycarbonate have randomly arranged molecular chains, making them generally transparent, less dense and more flexible. These properties make amorphous plastics ideal for applications that require clarity and impact resistance, like optical lenses, compact discs and food packaging.
Crystalline plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene have a highly ordered molecular structure, which gives them greater rigidity, strength, and chemical resistance. This makes crystalline plastics suitable for applications that require durability and heat resistance, such as automotive parts, high-performance pipes, and various packaging materials. The intensity levels of being crystalline or amorphous can be controlled depending on how you want the plastic material to be. This characteristic makes them adaptable and more attractive in the plastics industry.
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Properties
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a powerhouse in plastics known for its strength and toughness. This tough plastic can resist high impact and high temperatures, making it safe and reliable for food and drink packaging. Its non-leaching properties ensure that its contents are uncontaminated, and its lightweight nature reduces transportation costs and energy consumption. Widely recycled and eco-friendly HDPE is used in grocery bags, milk jugs, and recycling bins. It is also a key player in reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Recycling
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a very flexible and tough plastic found in most commonly used plastics like grocery bags, squeeze bottles, and wraps. While its flexibility makes it ideal for many packaging applications, recycling LDPE is tricky because it gets tangled when sorting machinery at recycling facilities. Despite these challenges, recycling LDPE is essential to reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability. By improving recycling processes and proper disposal, we can ensure LDPE continues to serve its purpose without harming the planet.
Two Main Types of Plastics
Plastics are classified into 7 different types of plastic materials based on their properties and uses, each serving a specific purpose in our daily lives. Plastics for food packaging, detergent bottles, plastic bags, hot food containers and squeeze bottles are some of the most common plastics that always end up in our trash. Do you know what plastics are made of and why they are used for specific purposes?
For example, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is used for food packaging and drink bottles because of its strength and clarity. HDPE (high-density polyethylene) is found in milk jugs and detergent bottles, while LDPE (low-density polyethylene) is used for flexible applications like plastic bags and squeeze bottles. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is known for its durability in construction and medical tubing. These plastic materials are also used in hot food containers for safety and convenience. Knowing the types of plastics helps us make informed decisions about the products we use and their environmental impact.
Thermoplastics and Thermosets
Thermoplastics and thermosets are the two main players in the plastic world. Each has its characteristics for different industries. Thermoplastics like PET, HDPE, and PVC can be melted and reformed multiple times without changing their chemical composition, such as during injection molding. Thermosets or thermosetting polymers are designed for durability as they can only be melted and molded once before solidifying permanently. This makes thermosets ideal for high-performance applications. Knowing the difference is key to choosing the right material for your manufacturing needs.
The Resin Identification Code (RIC)
The Resin Identification Code (RIC) is a system for identifying the resins used to manufacture certain types of plastic containers. In 1988, the Society of the Plastics Industry introduced this identification system. Identifying the types of plastic resins helps make collecting, disposing, or recycling easier.
The Resin Identification Code (RIC) helps consumers and those handling waste sort products quickly once they know what plastic resins they are made of. The RIC system divided plastic resins into 7 different categories. Many US states require manufacturers to use this code for containers and plastic bottles.
Types of Plastics
You can see the number inside the recycling symbol for many plastic materials. What do you think the number means? Many people assume that symbol means it is recyclable, and they are wrong. Those numbers simply mean the type of plastic the plastic product is made of. What are the different types of plastic?
Type 1 Plastic: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Polyethylene Terephthalate, or PET, is used in beverage bottles (PET bottles) and food packaging purposes because of its strength and clarity. It is one of the most recycled plastics and helps reduce plastic waste. PET plastics are highly valued for their lightweight and durable nature, making them a popular choice for plastic packaging materials. Its excellent barrier properties prevent oxygen from getting in, so it is mostly used for food and drink packaging purposes. PET is made through a process called polymerization.
Polyethylene Terephthalate is also widely and easily recycled, with many recycling facilities equipped to process it. This makes it a sustainable way to reduce plastic pollution and conserve resources. Recycling PET plastics involves collecting, sorting, and cleaning the plastic before it is melted and reformed into new products, such as polyester fibers for clothing, carpets, and even new beverage bottles. By choosing products made from recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate, consumers can participate in a circular economy that reduces waste and promotes responsible use of resources and, ultimately, a healthier environment.
Here are some common examples:
- Beverage bottles
- Food packaging
- Water bottles
- Soft drink bottles
- Salad dressing bottles
- Peanut butter jars
- Cooking oil containers
- Jam jars
- Cosmetic containers
- Oven-ready meal trays
Type 2 Plastic: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE is known for its toughness and is used in products such as milk jugs, detergents, and shampoo bottles. Its high recyclability makes it an excellent choice for reducing environmental impact. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a heavyweight in the plastic world, strong and durable.
HDPE is versatile and known for its high-impact resistance. It can also withstand high temperatures, making it safe and reliable for many applications. HDPE is used because of its durability and non-leaching properties, which ensure the contents are not contaminated. Because it is lightweight, there is a lesser possibility of higher transportation costs and energy consumption, making it popular in the plastics industry.
One of the most significant advantages of HDPE is its recyclability. As a widely recycled plastic, HDPE is key to reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability. Recycling facilities are equipped to process HDPE, which involves collecting, sorting and cleaning the plastic before it is melted and reformed into new products. This makes HDPE an eco-friendly option and because it is reusable and helps minimize waste, it is part of the advocacy for a circular economy.
HDPE is used in household products and industrial applications. It is perfect for construction materials because it is tough, like pipes and plastic lumber, which must be durable and resistant to environmental stressors. HDPE is an essential player in the construction industry and food packaging. It can provide safety and freshness for consumables because it has excellent barrier properties as plastic packaging materials.
The environmental benefits of HDPE can also help in new applications. As research and development initiatives continue focusing on increasing recyclability and reducing plastic waste, HDPE’s role is becoming more recognizable. Efforts show that we can sustain using HDPE as long as we continue to incorporate advanced recycling technologies and develop eco-friendly alternatives.
From improving recycling processes to designing new products that use post-consumer plastics, HDPE is at the forefront of the circular economy and reduces environmental impact.
Here are some common examples:
- Milk jugs
- Shampoo bottles
- Detergent bottles
- Grocery bags
- Recycling bins
- Outdoor furniture
- Toys
- Piping
- Plastic lumber
- Construction materials
Type 3 Plastic: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride, or PVC, is a versatile plastic material used in many industries because of its durability and flexibility. It is also highly resistant to environmental stressors and is used in construction materials, medical tubing, and packaging. PVC is flame-resistant, making it an excellent option for building materials such as pipes, window frames, and vinyl flooring. Its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions makes it long-lasting and reliable in construction applications.
In the medical field, PVC’s non-toxic and easy-to-sterilize nature makes it ideal for producing medical tubing, blood bags and other healthcare-related products. Its flexibility and durability ensure medical devices remain intact under various conditions, providing safe and effective solutions for patient care. PVC is key in the medical industry as it helps develop life-saving equipment and procedures.
However, despite its wide use and benefits, recycling PVC poses challenges because of toxic chemicals like vinyl chloride. It is referred to as the most hazardous plastic. These toxic chemicals can pose environmental and health risks if not appropriately managed during recycling. Hence, PVC recycling requires special facilities and processes to ensure safe and effective material handling.
Work is being done to improve PVC recycling, with research focused on developing new technologies and methods to reduce the impact of PVC waste. By improving recycling and promoting eco-friendly alternatives, the plastics industry aims to reduce PVC’s ecological footprint and promote sustainable practices.
Understanding PVC recycling and its environmental implications is key to making informed decisions on its use and disposal. By supporting initiatives that promote responsible PVC use and recycling, we can have a more sustainable future where we can enjoy the benefits of PVC without harming our planet.
Here are some common examples:
- Pipes
- Window frames
- Vinyl flooring
- Medical tubing
- Blood bags
- Cable insulation
- Shower curtains
- Inflatable products
- Garden hoses
- Credit cards
Type 4 Plastic: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Plastic 4, or Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), is known for its flexibility and resilience. These essential traits benefit many applications, such as grocery and bread bags to squeeze bottles and plastic wraps. It can withstand stress without breaking, a characteristic critical for durability and pliability, which is why the plastics industry has used it for many years.
LDPE plastic is one of the older polyethylethylene types and the thermoplastics used in this product class. LDPE4 is considered safe to use. However, LDPE 4 does not provide environmental protection, and LDPE 4 is only 10% recycled. The plant accepts plastic no 4, but there are few, if not most.
Despite its wide use, LDPE has environmental challenges. While it’s considered safe for consumer use, its environmental impact is a concern. LDPE is not biodegradable and contributes to plastic waste that can last centuries. Recycling facilities accept LDPE, but the recycling rate is low: only about 10% of LDPE is recycled. This is partly because processing LDPE is difficult, as it can get tangled in sorting machinery, complicating the recycling process.
Improvements in recycling technology and raised awareness of sustainable practices are improving LDPE’s recyclability. We can reduce LDPE’s environmental footprint by improving recycling and proper disposal. We must support initiatives that promote recycling and responsible use of LDPE so this versatile plastic can serve its purpose without harming our planet.
Here are some common examples:
- Grocery bags
- Bread bags
- Dry cleaning bags
- Squeeze bottles
- Frozen food packaging
- Flexible container lids
- Plastic wraps
- Bubble wrap
- Cling film
- Packaging films
- Garbage bags
Type 5 Plastic: Polypropylene Plastics (PP)
Polypropylene plastics, with the five-spread pattern, are tough plastics known for their strength and ability to withstand high temperatures. This makes them ideal for food storage and packaging. PP plastics are recyclable but not as widely accepted in recycling programs as PETE or HDPE. This is partly because of the specific process required to recycle PP materials.
Polypropylene is highly prized for its durability and versatility but has its share of challenges. Tupperware and other reusable containers are just some of the products made from this heat-resistant type of plastic. This characteristic makes PP ideal for microwave-safe containers, which allow reheating leftovers without melting.
Because polypropylene is resilient, it benefits many other items, such as yogurt containers, bottle caps, and medicine bottles. It can withstand various conditions, making it ideal for packaging and storage solutions. Plus, its lightweight nature reduces transportation costs and energy consumption, aligning with sustainable plastics industry practices.
Work is progressing to improve recycling, which is becoming more possible with technological advancements and heightened awareness of sustainable practices. We can help by supporting initiatives that educate people on how to be responsible users of plastics and how to reuse, reduce, and recycle to minimize plastic waste and its environmental impact. Once we know the benefits and challenges of polypropylene, we can make informed decisions on its use and disposal.
Here are some common examples:
- Reusable food containers
- Yogurt containers
- Medicine bottles
- Bottle caps
- Straws
- Microwave-safe containers
- Ketchup bottles
- Disposable cups
- Plastic cutlery
- Ice cream tubs
Type 6 Plastic: Polystyrene (PS)
Polystyrene is a lightweight plastic used in disposable cups, egg cartons, take-out containers and packing materials. It is known for its insulation properties and ability to maintain temperature, making it a popular choice for hot food containers and packaging materials requiring thermal resistance. It is a very inexpensive resin. However, because of its lightweight and bulky nature, polystyrene’s recycling process is complex and poses challenges for transportation and processing.
Polystyrene is not as environmentally friendly as other types of plastic and contributes to plastic waste and pollution. Work is being done to improve its recyclability with innovations in developing more efficient recycling processes and finding sustainable alternatives. By knowing its environmental impact, consumers can make informed decisions and support initiatives that reduce its use and promote eco-friendly options.
Here are some common examples:
- Disposable cups
- Egg cartons
- Take-out containers
- Insulation materials
- Packing peanuts
- CD and DVD cases
- Plastic cutlery
- Yogurt pots
- Foam trays
- Protective packaging
Type 7 Plastic: Other
The seventh type includes all the plastics that don’t fit the previous categories, such as polycarbonate and bioplastics. Polycarbonate plastic is known for its strength and impact resistance, making it a popular choice for compact discs, eyewear lenses, and baby bottles. However, it is not readily recyclable; its recycling process can be complex because it can potentially release harmful chemicals.
Bioplastics are made from renewable resources like cornstarch and sugarcane, more sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. Although they are eco-friendly in origin, bioplastics can still pose challenges in recycling because of their varied composition and the need for specific conditions for decomposition.
These plastics can have different properties, such as heat resistance and flexibility. They are not easily recyclable because recycling requires a specialized process to ensure proper handling and environmental safety. When we know the characteristics of these plastics, we can participate in using and disposing of them the best way we should.
Here are some common examples:
- Compact discs
- Eyewear lenses
- Baby bottles
- Water cooler bottles
- Automotive parts
- Medical devices
- Electronic housings
- Reusable water bottles
- Large storage containers
- Bulletproof materials
Plastics in Use
Plastics are a part of our daily lives, the backbone of many applications across many industries. From the packaging that preserves our food to the durable materials used in construction, plastics make life more convenient and efficient. They are also in the medical field, part of life-saving equipment and consumer electronics, enabling sleek and innovative designs. As we explore the many uses of plastics, we will see how these versatile materials shape and redefine our daily lives.
PVC in Construction and Medical
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a versatile plastic used in construction and medical applications because of its durability and versatility. This versatile plastic is flame-retardant and can withstand extreme environmental conditions. It’s used for building materials like pipes, window frames, and vinyl flooring. In the medical field, PVC’s safety and ease of sterilization make it a must-have for medical tubing and other healthcare products. As a staple in the plastics industry, PVC continues to innovate and satisfy the demands of modern living.
Industrial and Consumer Goods
Plastics are used in various industrial and consumer goods and are essential in packaging materials, construction materials, textiles, and electronics. They are versatile and adaptable in modern manufacturing and daily life. From food containers and packaging to packaging materials, plastics are preferred for their excellent barrier properties and resistance to moisture and chemicals. This trait ensures that products are safe and uncontaminated, making plastics a reliable choice for preserving the quality and freshness of consumables.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in biodegradable and bio-based plastics as a solution to reduce plastic waste and its environmental impact. These new plastics are designed to break down faster in specific environments, such as industrial composting facilities or home compost bins.
Biodegradable and bio-based plastics, made from plant-based materials like cornstarch or polylactic acid (PLA), are promising alternatives to traditional plastics. They can decompose into water, carbon dioxide, mineral salts, and new biomass within a specific time and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Plastic waste and pollution are still major environmental issues because of the chemical structure of plastic, which makes it last for centuries. Since the 1950s, an estimated 1 billion tons of plastic waste has been discarded: 81% polymer resin, 13% polymer fibers and 32% polymer additives. Much of this waste is in the oceans, and China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are the top contributors. Reducing plastic waste is key to saving our planet, and reducing, recycling, and innovating plastic production is the way to a more sustainable world.
Plastics Innovations
The plastics industry innovates and constantly evolves to address environmental concerns and meet modern living standards. New plastic materials are emerging as we reduce plastic waste and minimize plastic pollution. These innovations, from biodegradable plastics to new recycling processes, change how we think and use plastics. By embracing these innovations, we can have a more sustainable future where versatile plastics continue to enrich our lives while saving our planet. Find out how the latest plastics innovations are changing the industry and the world.
Biodegradable and Bio-based
Biodegradable and bio-based plastics are changing how we think about sustainability by offering an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastics. Made from plant-based materials like cornstarch and polylactic acid (PLA), these new plastics are designed to break down faster in environments like industrial composting facilities or home compost bins. Within a specific time, they will turn into harmless substances like water, carbon dioxide, mineral salts, and new biomass, a solution to the plastic waste problem. By using biodegradable and bio-based plastics, we’re taking a big step toward a cleaner and greener future.
Plastic’s Environmental Impact
Plastic’s environmental impact is a major issue; plastic waste and pollution affect ecosystems worldwide. Because of their chemical structure, plastics have been in the environment for centuries and have caused major ecological problems. The widespread use of plastic materials, from packaging to construction, has resulted in massive plastic consumption, waste, and pollution in the oceans and landscapes. This is why we need innovative solutions in recycling and biodegradable plastics to reduce plastic waste and save our planet.
Plastic Waste and Pollution
Plastic waste, with its durable chemical structure, has remained in our environment for centuries and is an ecological problem. Since the 1950s, an estimated 1 billion tons of plastic waste has been discarded: 81% polymer resin, 13% polymer fibers and 6% additives. Much of this waste is in the oceans, and China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are the top contributors. We need global action to address plastic waste and save our planet’s ecosystems.
Recycled Plastic
You might think so, but these plastics are made from recycled materials. First, the material is sorted manually to remove contamination. Then, the plastic is crushed or broken down to create new material. In the past, the market’s percentage of recycled material decreased from 10% to 1%. However, some potential suppliers have not invested in their sorting facilities because of limited profit. The OECD wants action to address the bottleneck in demand for recycled plastic products.
Why Not All Plastics Can Be Recycled
While plastic is used, not all plastic is recycled. There’s a lot to consider here. However, the demand for more resources and equipment is a big reason for plastic waste. The market is less interested, and less profitable material value affects it. Recycling companies will take the plastic they need and ignore the rest.
Many things are going on under the microscope. People should know more about plastics and how they can be used wisely. They should be educated enough to handle the challenges that plastic pollution brings.
Conclusion
Understanding the different types of plastic materials and their applications is essential to making informed decisions that affect our daily lives and the environment. From high-density polyethylene in durable goods to biodegradable plastics, the plastics industry is innovating and adapting. As consumers, we can significantly reduce plastic waste by choosing widely recycled plastics, supporting sustainable practices and advocating for better recycling processes. Let’s do it today so the world can survive now and in the next millennia.
We’re Here to Help You
We understand that manufacturing goals can be complicated and challenging. Our five decades of experience and accumulated knowledge can help you understand the complexities of plastic materials and their applications. We can provide customized solutions for your specific needs.
Contact Beaver State Plastics today to discuss how our company can help you achieve your manufacturing goals. Together, we can create a sustainable and efficient future for your business.